European+Nationalism+(Sec2&3)

**1810-1871**
 * European Nationalism (Sections 2 & 3) by Katelyn Bjerke, Ray McGovern, Hali Johnson**

**"The great questions of the day are decided...by blood and iron."-Otto von Bismarck**

People: 1. Prince Klemens von Metternich- He was the leader of the Congress of Vienna and the Austrian foreign minister. He claimed that he was guided at Vienna by a principle of legitimacy. 2. Louis-Philippe- Political support for the new monarch came from the cousin of Charles X; this support came from the upper middle class. The government of Louis-Philippe refused to make changes, and opposition grew. 3. Louis-Napoleon- The nephew of the famous French ruler won the presidency in December 1848. He was the president for the newly formed Second Republic.4 4. Giuseppe Garibaldi- In southern Italy, a dedicated Italian patriot, raised an army of a thousand volunteers, called Red Shirts. Garibaldi’s forces controlled Sicily, Naples, and the entire Kingdom of the Two Sicilies fell in early September. 6. Otto von Bismarck- When the Prussian legislature refused to levy new taxes for the proposed military changes, William I appointed a new prime minister, Count Otto von Bismarck. He has been seen as the foremost practitioner of realpolitik. 7. William I of Prussia- William I of Prussia was proclaimed the Kaiser, or emperor, of the Second German Empire (the first was the medieval Holy Roman Empire). German unity was then achieved by the Prussian monarchy and Prussian army. 8.Queen Victoria- The British feeling of national pride was well reflected in Queen Victoria, whose reign from 1837 to 1901 was the longest in English history. 9. Czar Alexander II- Russia was falling hopelessly behind the western European powers so he decided to make serious reforms. He issued an emancipation edict, which freed the serfs. 10. Camillo di Cavour- He was named the king’s prime minister. He was a dedicated political leader and pursued a policy of economic expansion that increased government revenues and a large army. 11. Napoleon III- At Sedan, on September 2, 1870, an entire French army and the French ruler, Napoleon III, were captured. The southern German states joined Prussia and went against the French.

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Vocab: 1. Conservatism: Based on social tradition and social stability. Most conservatives at the time favored obedience to political authority and believed organized religion was crucial to order in society 2. Liberalism: Political system based on enlightenment principles, held that people should be fined by government restraint. 3. Universal Male Suffrage: All men could vote, elections were ment to go by this when voting for the elected leaders. 4. Principle of Intervention: The great powers had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore monarchs to their thrones. 5. Militarism: The reliance on military strength to protect your country. Prussia was known for the use of their military. 6. Kaiser: A fancy term for emperor, proclaimed by William l of Prussia, who had control of the second German Empire. 7. Plebiscite: A popular vote. Referred to when Napoleon returned to France to ask for the restoration of the empire. 8. Abolitionism: A movement to end slavery; arose in the North and challenged the Southern way of life with slavery. 9. Secede: A withdrawal, referring to states not wanting to be apart of a certain area. By 1861 seven states had withdrew from the U.S. 10. Emancipation: An edict which freed the serfs. Czar Alexander II made serious reforms and issued this edict on Russia

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