Crisis+&+Absolutism

=Crisis & Absolutism in Europe by Katelyn Bjerke, Hali Johnson, & Raymond McGovern =

1550-1715
"I will have but one mistress England, & no master." -Elizabeth I

__Terms: __
1) **Inflation**~ Europe experience inflation, which is rising prices; the great influx of gold and silver from America was one of the causes. A growing population increased the demand for land and food, which was another cause. 2) **Witchcraft**~ Many people believed in witchcraft, or magic, and used evil spells and ointments to harm their neighbors. It was part of their traditional village culture. 3) **Divine right of kings**~ Divine right of kings means that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God. Parliament assumed that the king/queen and Parliament ruled England together, so they didn’t think anything of the divine right of kings. 4) **Absolutism**~ Absolutism is a system in which a ruler holds total power. Rulers received their power from God and were responsible to no one except God. 5) **Boyar**~ Ivan crushed the power of the Russian nobility, known as the boyars. He earned the name of Ivan the Terrible because of his actions. 6) **Mannerism**~ Mannerism was a new movement that ended the artistic Renaissance. Mannerism reflected the new environment by breaking down the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation. 7) **Baroque**~ Baroque was a new movement which artists tried to bring together the classical ideals of Renaissance art with spiritual feelings of religious revival. 8) **Armada**~ Philip II of Spain ordered an armada, a fleet of warships, to invade England. The armada wasn’t as strong as he thought and he didn’t succeed. 9) **Militant**~ Calvinism and Catholicism had become highly militant (combative) religions. They tried to win converts to eliminate people from the other group. 10) **Czar**~ A czar is the Russian word for caesar.

Summary: The French wars between Calvinism and Catholicism were very aggressive. Both thought of different ways to try to eliminate the other. Huguenots and Catholics battled endlessly, leading to more conflict. Philip H was a great supporter of militant Catholicism. Queen Elizabeth did many great things for her country, like stopping the Spanish Armada. Europe had great economic and social crises. Inflation had huge damage on the economy. The belief of witches also messed with the culture. The thirty years war was a very destructive conflict between French and the HRE (Holy Roman Empire). England had a civil war between the Cavaliers (Royalists) and the Round Heads (Parliament). The Parliament reigned victorious. Oliver Cromwell introduced the common wealth or England Republic. The restoration happened after Cromwell’s death because no one really liked the common wealth. Absolutism was a result of the wars. Louis XIV reigned and made huge strides in absolutism. Russia had dealt with Ivan IV, the first crowned Czar. The Baroque period emerged and spread into Europe, leaving new ideas and the Golden Age of Literature.

__Important People:__ 1. Phillip II; ‘The Prudent King’ he was the greatest of all the Spanish kings. He was a most Catholic King and the son of Charles V. 2. Elizabeth I; She was ‘the virgin king’, and the last of the Tudor family, she defeated the Spanish armada against England in 1588. 3. King Charles I; He had to deal with the Petition of Rights, and led the troops into House of Commons to arrest opposition 4. Oliver Cromwell; He was the leader of the Parliament army, and he captured King Charles, he formed the Common wealth, and his nickname was the “Lord Protector”. 5.Sir Robert Walpole; He was the 1st Prime Minister of England, and was nicknamed the ‘First Lord of the Treasury’ 6.Louis XII; He was only 10 years old when he first took the throne of France, his mother was Marie de Medici 7. Louis XIV; He was called the ‘Sun King’, and ruled from 1643-1715, and his motto was “I am the State”. He was the first ruler to have absolutism. 8. Fredrick William; Known as the ‘Great Elector’, he guided Prussia through the thirty years war, and he made Berlin the capital. 9.Ivan III; Ivan the Great, he ruled from 1462-1480, he was the founder of modern Russia, he unified Russia, and drove out the Mongols 10. Ivan IV; He was known as ‘Ivan the Terrible’, he was the 1st crowned Czar of Russia, or emperor of Russia, and he had his secret Police that persecuted people.

__Links__ [|Gunpowder Plot] [|Act of Union] [|Edict of Nantes] [|30 Years War] [|7 Years War] [|Pragmatic Sanction] [|Long Parliament] [|Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar El Cid] [|Spanish Armada] [|Oliver Cromwell]

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