The+West+Between+Wars

= The West Between Wars by Katelyn Bjerke, Hali Johnson, Raymond McGovern =

Terms: 1) The Dawes Plan- Named after the American banker who chaired the commission, reduced reparations. Then coordinated Germany’s annual payments with its ability to pay. 2) Depression- Period of low economic activity and rising unemployment. The period of prosperity that began in Europe in 1924 ended in an economic collapse known as the Great Depression. 3) Collective Bargaining-the right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours, a 40-hour workweek in industry, a two-week paid vacation, and a minimum wage 4) Deficit spending- The government should finance such projects even if it had to engage in deficit spending, or had to go into debt. Demand could be increased by putting people back to work building highways and public buildings. 5) New Deal- The New Deal included an increased program of public works, including the Works Progress Administration. A policy of active government intervention in the economy 6) Totalitarian state- Government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens 7) Fascism- Political philosophy that glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler. 8) Squadristi- Mussolini formed bands of black-shirted, armed Fascists call squadristi or Blackshirts. They attacked socialist offices and newspapers. 9) New Economic Policy- Abandoned war communism. Modified version of the old capitalist system; peasants were allowed to sell their produce openly. 10) Collectivization- System in which private farms were eliminated. The government owned all of the land, while the peasants worked it.

Summary:

After World War I, Europe was faced with severe economic problems. Most devastating of all was the Great Depression that began at the end of 1929. The Great Depression brought misery to millions of people. On Oct. 29, 1929 the U.S stock market crashed known as Black Tuesday. Before WWII each European country had been struggling with their own problems. Britain for example had economic problems. John Maynard Keynes knew how to handle deficient spending and taxation but it didn't help. France had war destruction. The popular front conditioned the government to work together. Germany had unemployment, $33 billion to pay in war reparations, and the Dawes Plan which the U.S adjusted the war reparations. In fascist Italy, under Benito Mussolini, they had the Fascist Party was formed. The March on Rome was were the black shirts covered Rome and Mussolini was appointed Prime Minister. He became dictator and had the OVRA formed. The Soviet Union under Stalin's rule was a dictatorship. During the Great Purge Stalin's enemies were hunted down and eliminated. The Politburo was then created. Nazi Germany was ruled by Hindenburg then later Adolf Hitler. Anton Drexler created the Nazi group, aka the National Socialist German Workers Party. Hitler later wrote his book //Mein Kampf,// or my struggle when he was put in jail for the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. The Burning of Reich stag was the blaze of German parliament, which was Hitler's main way he was to gain total power. The Third Reich is when Hitler proclaimed his empire, and took his new title ' Der Ruhred'. He elected Henrich Himmler Vice-Fuhrer. He created the gestapo, that later attacked the Jews on the night of Nov. 9, 1938, known as Kristalnacht, or 'Crystal Night'. The Rome-Berlin Act of 1936 is when Hitler and Mussolini formed an alliance. The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 was the battle that Italy and German aid in together. Japan had military dictatorship. The Showa period was a time of 'Bright Peace' led by leader Hirohito. Tojo Hideki was the War Prime Minister and Prime Minister//.// Co- Prosperity was the goal to conquer all of Asia, and Japan had wanted that. The Muken Incident happened in Sept. 1931 where a Japanese train blew up in Muken, Manchuria. The Germans were blamed for this. Manchukuo replaced the name of the town Muken. Pu Yi was the last emperor of China in 1945. The Sino Japanese 1931-1945 was a battle between China and Japan for control of China. Chiang Kia-Shek was the president of the Republic of China.

Key People:

1. Adolf Hitler: An Austrian born man who failed middle school. Known was ‘Der Fuhrer’, came into control with the Nazi’s. He wrote a book about his struggles. 2. Joseph Stalin: Politburo member, he launched the Five year plan. The Stalinist ear marked the beginning of an economic, social, and a political stature that was a result of the earlier revolutions. 3. Benito Mussolini: Established the 1st European fascist movement in Italy. He was a socialist, became Prime Minister of Italy. He is known as 'II Duce', or 'the leader'. 4.Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Democratic president that believed in free enterprise, he pursued a policy of active government intervention in the economy known as the New Deal. 5.Heinrich Himmler: Under the direction of this man the SS came to control not only the secret police forces that he set up, but also the regular police forces. 6.Francisco Franco: He was a General in Spain that led the forces that revolted against the democratic government in 1936 which was a brutal and bloody. 7. John Maynard Keynes: Published his 'General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money'. He argued that unemployment came not from over production but from a decline in demand. 8. Salvador Dali: Spaniard that was the high priest of surrealism. He painted everyday objects but separated them from their regular context. 9.James Joyce: An Irish writer that published the novel //Ulysses// about the life of ordinary people in Dublin by following their inner thoughts. 10.Hermann Hesse: He dealt with the unconscious in a weird way, he wrote the novels //Siddhartha and Steppenwolf// using Buddhist ideas to show the psychological confusion of modern existence.

Links [|Adolf Hitler] [|Benito Mussolini] [|Joseph Stalin] [|Vladimir Lenin] [|Mein Kampf] [|The Beer Hall Putsch] [|Kristallnacht] [|Burning of the Reichstag] [|The Dawes Plan] [|Nazi Party]